Trephination, Demonology and Exorcism
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Lesson in Abnormal Psychology
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Trephination, Demonology and Exorcism
- 1. Prepared by: Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd Psychology Instructor
- 2. (or trepanation) is an operation performed since Stone Age times, in which a circular section of the skull is carved away, leaving a hole in the skull.
- 3. It is speculated that the operation was done as a treatment for abnormal behavior, such as hallucinations or was done based on a perception that there were evil spirits that needed releasing.
- 4. In any event, individuals having this done survived as evidence by bone growth around the wound. The tool used to cut through the bone was likely a "chert (or less likely obsidian) tool" according to Dr. Harry Shafer, an expert in Mesoamerican archeology at Texas A&M University.
- 5. References to abnormal behavior, in early writing show that the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed such behavior to a demon or god who had taken possession of a person. Whether the “possession” was assumed to involve good spirits or evil spirits usually depended on the affected individual’s symptoms. If a person’s speech or behavior appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, it was usually thought that a good spirit or god possessed him or her. Such people were often treated with considerable awe and respect, for people believed they had supernatural powers.
- 6. Most possession, however, were considered to be the work of an angry god or evil spirit, particularly when a person became excited or overactive and engaged in behavior contrary to religious teachings. Among the ancient Hebrews, for example, such possessions were thought to represent the wrath and punishment of God. Moses quoted in the Bible as saying, “The Lord shall smite thee with madness.” Apparently this punishments was thought to involve the withdrawal of God’s protection and the abandonment of the person to the force of evil. In such cases, every effort was made to rid the person of the evil spirit. Jesus reportedly cured a man with an “unclean spirit” by transferring the devils that plagued him to a herd of swine, which, in turn, became possessed and “ran violently down a steep place into the sea”
- 7. The study of demons or beliefs about demons, especially the methods used to summon and control them.
- 8. Lucifer : pride Mammon : greed Asmodeus : lust Leviathan :envy Beelzebub : gluttony Satan : wrath Belphegor : sloth
- 9. The primary treatment for demonic possession. Techniques for casting an evil spirit out of an afflicted person.
- 10. ď‚ž Magic ď‚ž Prayer ď‚ž Incantation ď‚ž Noisemaking ď‚ž Horrible tasting concoctions
- 11. A person who is believed to be able to cast out the devil. A priest, a nun, a monk, a healer, or a shaman can be an exorcist.
- 12. 1. The Presence. The exorcist and his assistants become aware of an alien feeling or entity. 2. Pretense. Attempts by the evil spirit to appear and act as the victim, to be seen as one and the same person. The exorcist's first job is to break this Pretense and find out who the demon really is. Naming the demon is the most important first step. 3. Breakpoint. The moment where the demon's Pretense finally collapses, a scene of extreme panic and confusions accompanied by a crescendo of abuse, horrible sights, noises and smells. The demon begins to speak of the possessed victim in the third person instead of as itself.
- 13. 4. The Voice. Also a sign of the Breakpoint, the Voice is inordinately disturbing and humanly distressing babel. The demon's voices must be silenced for the exorcism to proceed. 5. The Clash. As the Voice dies out, there is a tremendous pressure, both spiritual and physical. The demon has collided with the "will of the Kingdom". The exorcist, locked in battle with the demon, urges the entity to reveal more information about itself as the exorcist's holy will begins to dominate. As mentioned above, there is a direct link between the entity and place, as each spirit wants a place to be. For such spirits, habitation of a living victim is preferable to Hell. 6. Expulsion. In a supreme triumph of God's will, the spirit leaves in the name of Jesus, and the victim is reclaimed. All present feel the Presence dissipating, sometimes with receding noises or voices. The victim may remember the ordeal or may have no idea what has happened.
- 14. Thank you for paying attention.